Watson cheated by reading books illegally?

copyrightby MikeBlogs

Did Watson Succeed On Jeopardy By Infringing Copyrights?
[Via Techdirt]

An anonymous tipster points us to a really interesting comment by Peter Hirtle on a Laboratorium.net post discussing Watson, the Jeopardy-playing computer, where he asks whether or not Watson infringes on copyrights:

From IBM’s Watson Supercomputer Wins Practice Jeopardy Round in Wired Magazine: “Researchers scanned some 200 million pages of content — or the equivalent of about one million books — into the system, including books, movie scripts and entire encyclopedias.”

It seems unlikely that IBM got permission to scan one million books. Can we expect soon a lawsuit from the Author’s Guild against IBM and the producers of Jeopardy! (which, after all, is profiting from this scanning)?

This is a really good point and (once again) highlights the ridiculousness of copyright in certain circumstances. Of course, your viewpoint on this may depend heavily on whether or not you believe Google’s book scanning infringed on copyright (I don’t). But, for those who do, do you believe that IBM’s scanning of books does infringe? Technically, it’s the same basic process. In fact, you could argue that with Watson it’s much more involved, because Watson then actually made use of the actual data to a much greater extent than Google did with Google books.

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This opens up some interesting legal aspects. Inputting all that data into Watson involved copying lots of books, books protected by copyright from being copied. That information stored in those books just won Watson $1 million (which was donated) but also gave IBM millions in free publicity for the success.

A success insured by violating the rights of authors. Watson would not have won without the hard work of all those writers whose works appear to have been simply copied without their input. All to make more money for IBM.

IBM had better have gotten permission or I expect a big cease and desist order to appear. But then a lawyer could make the argument that the process the IBM techs went through was a transformative one, changing the copyrighted works into another form. If so, then copyright is not maintained.

Our copyright laws are so stupid.

Dead cop still certifying tickets

Dead Baltimore Cop Signed and ‘Certified’ Red Light Camera Tickets
[Via Techdirt]

Joseph was the first of a few of you to point us to the story of how the police in Baltimore have been sending out thousands of redlight camera tickets that were signed and certified by a police officer who died last fall. The law requires that each of the tickets be reviewed and certified by a human before being sent out. The fact that they were done so by someone who was deceased for many months would seem to suggest that no one was actually reviewing these tickets. The police department insists that it was just a “computer glitch,” and that the tickets were reviewed and certified, but they seem to be saying “trust us.” I would imagine that anyone who got one of these tickets is likely to be able to get out of it in court by pointing to the deceased officer’s “certification.”

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Looks like it was a nice scheme while it lasted. But now we know – it is very unlikely that anyone actually looked at the tickets or else why would a dead cop’s signature be on them.

Red light cameras seem like such a racket.

No Windows ecosystem, no Windows

broken windowby Editor B

Where is the Windows Phone Tablet?
[Via asymco]

The Windows Phone platform currently has hardware specifications that imply a cellular phone device. What is interesting in light of the new WebOS TouchPad, the newly announced Android tablets, the RIM Playbook and the iPad is that this supposed “third horse” of Windows Phone has no hint of presence or future presence in the tablet form factor.

That might have something to do with the plans to move Windows to the tablet form factor. Perhaps Microsoft thinks that pocket size devices deserve a separate operating system, platform and ecosystem than portable mobile computers. Perhaps Microsoft plans to have two separate interfaces for these tablets (slates vs. tablets?) Then again, Ballmer held up a Windows Phone and said “This is Windows too.”

It gets confusing.

[More]

Apple has created an almost seamless ecosystem from mobile devices to desktop, from tablet to laptop. The operating systems are very similar – essentially just subsets of each other. Developers can create apps very rapidly.

They can create an app for a cell phone, move it to the tablet and then, with just a few man-hours, be ready to sell it for the desktop. And they can sell huge numbers of units. Selling more in 20 days than in the previous year gets people’s attention.The app economy is supercharged by Apple.

No one else can provide this. Not Android, with its fragmented market on mobile devices and no robust desktop model. Not Microsoft with its different OS for mobile and desktop.And no easy way for developers to move between them. And no tablet strategy at all.

I do not think Microsoft will ever be able to catch up with this ecosystem Apple has created. It may just end up a gaming company.

Another nail in the denialist’s coffin even as they continue to rise from the dead

mansionby cliff1066™

Distributed computing project blames floods on climate change
[Via Ars Technica]

Has climate change already caused extreme weather events? It’s a tough question to answer, and not only because the public debate over the prospect has been hotter than the climate itself. A couple of papers in this week’s edition of Nature attempt to tackle the issue and show that extreme weather events are becoming more common in our warming world. In one case, the challenge of doing so was so high, it was “beyond available conventional supercomputing resources,” so the researchers turned to a distributed computing system that ran climate models as screensavers.

Logically, a warming climate would be expected to increase the rate of extreme weather events. A higher atmospheric temperature represents an increased energy content; it can also mean an increased content of water vapor, which could lead to excessive precipitation. Still, extreme weather events have been with us throughout Earth’s history, so attributing any single one to a warming climate isn’t a simple thing.

[More]

Two nice papers that look at two different things – 1) climate trends in the Northern Hemisphere ; and, 2) recent flooding in England. Both indicate that the increase in extreme weather events is best explained by anthropogenic warming.

They add a nice drapery or two to the mighty mansion that is the scientific model of climate change.

Science works by constructing models to explain the natural world. These models often start out as crude lean-tos, providing a little shelter while more investigations are done. Often new research allows a crude hut to be created but many times the whole structure has to be torn down as new information reveals its flaws.

As time goes on, a very robust house emerges, one that does a good job explaining the world. As more information is examined, the house gains is stature, adding stronger walls and more bedrooms. If the foundation is strong, the model created by science can weather most any storm that comes against it.

In fact, the stronger the storm , the stronger the structure that survives.

The model for climate change has had very strong storms hurled against it by those with the most to gain by its destruction –  climate scientists with alternative models who want their own hut to become the mansion.

They have so far failed. Now we are to the point where every investigation serves to enhance the house, perhaps adding a few draperies to the interior design.

Read the comments at Ars. There are no serious arguments against the new papers themselves. Only rehashed old ones. Stating a priori that models cannot be believed under any circumstances reveals a tremendous misunderstanding of science. Saying there are conspiracies between scientists so that the data can be ignored reveals a disdain for how research works and a desire to refrain from any further investigations.

All science is based on models because all we can do is construct our best simulacra of Nature. We do not yet have the ability to create Nature in its fullness. The best models, the best mansions, survive because they come closest to Nature and allow us to examine truthfully the world around us.

Or as close to truth as we can get. And scientists always strive to get even closer.

Denialists do not strive to get closer to truth, to gain a better understanding of nature. They inhabit Cargo Cult Worlds where further investigation is simply stopped. They create a world where certain facts can be ignored, allowing them to simply stop trying to understand. Because to understand would result in the end of their Cargo Cult World, just as the scientist’s hovel is torn down by new facts.

Rational people realize when facts no longer match their model of the world so they change the model. But not denialists. They’d rather remain in their hovels in their Cargo Cult Worlds.

These people really do not want any further investigations or to gain a firmer  understanding of the world. For them, ‘Here be Dragons’ and they go no further. They often fit directly into Carlo Cipolla’s defintion of stupid: “A person is stupid if they cause damage to another person or group of people without experiencing personal gain, or even worse causing damage to themselves in the process.”

As I mentioned before, stupid people are the most dangerous to our society. Skeptics are not stupid. But denialists almost always are.

Skeptics want to learn more, to find out what is actually going on. Denialists never want to learn more because the Cargo Cult World they have constructed requires that they do not. To learn would mean tearing down the Cargo Cult World.

They are happy to remain in their huts in their Cargo Cult Worlds, throwing rocks at the windows of the mansions created by scientists. They imagine that breaking a few of these windows means the entire mansion is destroyed. All that happens is that the windows get replaced, often with stronger glass.

Denialists have not been able to do much damage to the mansions that represent the best scientific models, such as evolution or climate change. Scientists would have prevented the mansions from being constructed long ago by their own much more potent axes, backhoes, and shaped-charges.

What denialists have been able to do is convince some people that it is better to live in the leaky hut residing in their Cargo Cult World than in the mansion of the natural world.

That is the real harm of denialists and their Cargo Cult Worlds. A society that embraces the stupid is a society that will fail.

Superbowl a waste of money for Android

moneyby photosteve101

Biggest 2011 Super Bowl ad loser Android’s lesson: Don’t mess with Apple
[Via MacDailyNews]

“Repetition and the reliance on a winning formula were the keys to success in this year’s Super Bowl. And no, we’re not talking about the Green Bay Packers passing game or its tenacious blitzing defensive schemes. We’re talking Doritos and Snickers, this year’s clear winners in the annual YouGov Polimetrix BrandIndex study of the Super Bowl, which measures the brand buzz gained in the days following the game’s very expensive commercials,” Michael Bush reports for AdAge.

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Yep, Android showed the biggest drop of any advertisers. Not a good use of money. The ads served to drive down interest in Android, not increase it.

What is interesting was the demographic breakdowns. Number 1 Snickers were huge for women, going up almost 15 points. For men it was Doritios that went up 19.

Both liked cars but for women, the best was  Hyundai while for men it was the Kia. Chrysler did well with both; in fact, going from  -0.3 to 7.8 for men.

The 18-34 demographic loved the Snickers ad, lifting the brand up a;most 30 buzz points to the highest for any brand. They also loved the E-trade babies, as well as the premium cars, Chrysler and BMW.

For the 35-49 demo, Go-Daddy was number one.Must love the sex innuendos or really love Joan Rivers. For the 50+, Doritos was number one. But they already loved them going from  23-33 buzz points.Yep, the old folks saw the least amount of change in their choices based on the days following the ads. The number 10 for the youth demo shot up  12.2 points which was higher than the oldsters best.

Not too surprisingly, ads work best on youngsters.

As for the bottom 5 – I’d think most were in the range of error. Coke went from 26 to 24. At 26 it is already one of the highest positive brands to begin with. Even down to 24 it is still higher than all the top ten except for Doritos and Snickers. Its doing alright.

Same with Bud Light and Chevrolet. Just msall drops. But GM saw a drop twice as large as the others going from 10.3 down to 4.4. Its 10.3 would have put it way up in the before.Its drop was pretty signficant.

And Android dropped  almost 8 points!

Bug lets humans grab Daily Double as Watson triumphs on Jeopardy

bugby odolphie

Bug lets humans grab Daily Double as Watson triumphs on Jeopardy
[Via Ars Technica]

Note: In this article, Jeopardy’s “answers” are referred to as “questions” and vice versa.

The humans tried to hold on in the second game of Jeopardy against the IBM computer, but ultimately were no match. Watson finished with a two-game total of $77,147 to Ken Jennings’ $24,000 and Brad Rutter’s $21,400. Jennings and Rutter managed to make a larger dent in Watson’s progress in the second game, but the computer managed to take both Daily Doubles away from the human contestants, not affording them enough of an opportunity to make up for Watson’s $25,000 lead from the first game. Still, there were a few aspects of the game that gave the humans some ins, including a bug that let Ken Jennings score the first Daily Double.

During a panel at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center, Dr Chris Welty, a member of Watson’s algorithms team, noted that the start-and-stop nature of filming the episode got Watson mixed up and allowed a bug to surface. Watson begins every round looking for Daily Double clues, because they are crucial to progress in the game. After one filming pause in the first round when Watson had been made to stop and then pick up again, Welty said Watson began again thinking the Daily Double had already been found. So it stopped looking for the clue, allowing Jennings to find it first.

[More]

This article does reveal one of the really important aspects of Watson – it uses gaming strategy throughout. So, it starts by looking for Daily Doubles. Almost every other contestant starts by taking the easier ones to get confidence about the category.

Ken Jennings won so many games because he was one of the few to pursue a search for the Daily Double strategy. This is a very strong approach because if one gets them there is a two-fold benefit – one gets to add a large amount of money to one’s account, potentially removing any chance of capture in Final Jeopardy; and, it prevents one’s opponents from doing the same. Getting one or two Daily Doubles, in the right situation, can put the game away.

Even if the Daily Double is the first thing one finds, it still prevents an opponent from using it to catch up.

It is not a coincidence that Jennings got one Daily Double yesterday and also had a total amount close to what Watson had for the day. Whoever finds the Daily Doubles probably has a huge chance of winning. Then after getting a lead with those, eat up the chances of anyone coming back by chewing up the rest of the board.

I also bet that Watson is much better at situational gaming. If he uses up all the high values looking for the Daily Double, he prevents his opponents from having any chance of coming back. I’m sure that Watson easily can figure out the total amount of money left on the board at any time, allowing him to make the best possible bet based on his amounts and his opponents. Add in better confidence levels and the ability to NOT buzz in when not certain enough and you have a pretty potent contestant.

A human can have a hard time with this. So, even if Watson was not getting an advantage with the buzzer, as some have discussed, it had a much more sophisticated strategy for the game than most humans and also could play situational Jeopardy better than they could.

I’d expect that searching for the Daily Double will become a much more common strategy for winners on Jeopardy.

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