The plot really thickens about laptop spying

from Wikipedia

Stryde Hax: The Spy at Harriton High
[Via Stryde Hax]

This investigation into the remote spying allegedly being conducted against students at Lower Merion represents an attempt to find proof of spying and a look into the toolchain used to accomplish spying. Taking a look at the LMSD Staff List, Mike Perbix is listed as a Network Tech at LMSD. Mr. Perbix has a large online web forum footprint as well as a personal blog, and a lot of his posts, attributed to his role at Lower Merion, provide insight into the tools, methods, and capabilities deployed against students at LMSD. Of the three network techs employed at LMSD, Mr. Perbix appears to have been the mastermind behind a massive, highly effective digital panopticon.

[More]

Some every fascinating stuff here. Using the internet, the author, a computer security consultant, was able to examine the Internet life of one of the school staff. This technician has left an amazing trail of what could be self-incriminating evidence around the Internet.

In online videos, he describes writing scripts that make it appear the web cm is not working, even when it is. This allows them to continue watching while the user thinks nothing is working. Here is an excerpt of him discussing this:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHu92imqJec

I don’t doubt that this all started with good intentions – keeping track of laptops and making sure that if they were lost or stolen there might be a way to find them. But there are laws against surreptitiously tapping someone’s phone. And we have a Constitution that prohibits search of our homes without a warrant by government agencies, which a school falls under.

We may be seeing a conflict between anti-wire tapping legislation and what laptop technology can do. I have seen nothing about these students giving up their Constitutional rights in order to have a laptop.

And, interestingly, the school apparently would not allow them to use their own laptops at school. But they had to pay for insurance to take the laptops homes. What some people have said is that the student in the center of this took his laptop home, without having paid the insurance. It was reported stolen and thus the picture that is causing all of this.

A picture of some candy, if they are to believed. Great. Some IT technician, proud of his leet skilz, spots a Mike and Ike candy and reports the student to the vice[principal for drug dealing.

And how about this incident that the tech mentioned:

As a prime example, we initially attempted to recover a stolen laptop that reported back to us it’s internet address and DNS name. The police went to the house and were befuddled to find out the people we knew had the laptop was not the family that lived there…well, we eventually found out that they were the neighboring house and were borrowing the unsecured WI-FI.

So, they sent the police to the wrong house. Oh, that could have turned out well!. I imagine the people at home were more than befuddled. I relish the idea of the cops showing up at my house to look for a stolen lap top I do not have. Let’s say I refuse to allow them to search my home. That is my right. So they get a warrant, based on false information. After tearing my home apart, they find nothing but I am now viewed as having stolen property in my possession, a thief.

My reputation is hurt, all because they were not quite as accurate with their spyware as they thought.

One final thing that bugs me. The school claims, and told the students, that the green light that came on from time to time was just a glitch, something wrong with the laptop. The students reported many times that the light came on. The school blamed Apple. If I were Apple, I might seriously consider some sort of law suit.The school is defaming Apple products to hide its own malfeasance. Or so it appears to me.

Will Microsoft zune smart phone makers?

by robertnelson

Microsoft looking at buying Nokia, RIM, or even Palm?
[Via MacDailyNews]

“The new Windows phone software is a big improvement on its predecessor but may not be enough to reverse market share losses, and Microsoft Corp may have to eventually buy a Nokia or BlackBerry maker RIM to get back into the game,” Bill Rigby reports for Reuters.

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Microsoft has done such a great job selling other hardware systems. </snark>? Not if the object of a business is to make money. Xbox is probably their most popular piece of hardware and they lose money on every box. Perhaps $120 per unit, not including cost of doing business (R&D, packaging, marketing, etc.). Just how well would they do in the cutthroat smart phone business? Apple makes about $300 profit on every 8GB iPhone. They never sell anything at a loss.

‘To really compete in this business, Microsoft needs to get into the hardware business, where they are able to control the entire user experience. Apple has shown that’s the model that works. In a consumer device, people just want something that works, they don’t want something as complicated as a PC.’“

If Microsoft did this, it could essentially screw over all the phone manufacturers who currently use the MS mobile software. MS would now be directly competing with them. As the MP3 player companies that licensed MS FlayForSure how they felt when MS came out with the Zune, including a new software that essentially rendered PlayFor Sure obsolete?

When MS is a competitor, they will do what they can to make sure it is not a level playing field. Not really by having a better system but by removing the ability to compete from companies that had previously been customers for MS.

Besides, all Microsoft has ever been able to do really well is sell Windows and Office. These have accounted for maybe 80% of its profits. Entertainment and devices are essentially zero over the last 3 years.

Apple has always been a hardware company that sold some software. Microsoft has always been a software company that sells some hardware. Why would anyone think they have the skills to sell a phone?

Besides, Microsoft has much, much higher profit margins selling its software. Both Apple and MS has similar revenues last quarter ($16 billion vs. $19 billion) but MS had double the profits.

Why take on something very risky, away from their core competencies and with lower profit margins?

[Listening to: The Gallows Pole from the album "At the Gate of Horn" by Odetta]

Reading tea leaves in the want-ads

by chadao

Apple plans to expand iPhone OS to more platforms
[Via Infinite Loop]

Apple is planning to leverage its work in transforming Mac OS X to work on other devices—most specifically the iPhone—to power “new platforms,” according to a recent job posting. Those platforms will also be powered by “custom silicon,” like Apple’s A4 processor that powers the iPad.

As first discovered by Computerworld, Apple is looking for a full-time engineering manager to oversee “platform bring-up,” with the Core Platform team, part of Apple’s Core OS group. Such a manager would be responsible for low-level architecture, hardware drivers, firmware, and platform security for iPhone OS on “a range of hardware platforms, including iPhone & iPod.” The manager will also coordinate the software team with hardware and custom silicon teams in developing and prototyping new platforms.

Candidates for the position are expected to have experience with kernel, driver, and firmware development for Unix-based systems as well as an understanding of system-on-a-chip design. Experience with ARM-based SoC’s is preferred, of course—that’s the platform currently used in the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad, as well as Apple’s Time Capsule base station (among others).

[More]

Amazing. How many other companies have people using the want-ads find out what they will be doing? Well, lots of companies do such ‘intelligence’ work to figure out what their competitors are doing but this is an instance where it is consumer markets trying to get information for the consumers.

Apple has really created a self-sustaining interest amongst it customers for this sort of information, something few other companies can claim. I would postulate that no other company produces so much interest by its customers, and their surrogates in the media, as Apple. Apple patent filings are examined in detail by many web sites. The random comments of it executive officers on financial conference calls are likewise put under a microscope.

Not to gain a competitive advantage but simply to fuel people’s expectations. That is why when they really do give out information, such as a special event, Apple can break the Internet.

[Listening to: We Got a Hit (Extended Version) from the album "Endless Wire" by The Who]

Dealing with a big problem

by hermanturnip

A digital preservation primer for scientists
[Via Gobbledygook]

This weeks’s blog post is a guest post on the Biomedicine on Display blog – I was kindly invited by Thomas Soderqvist from the Medical Museum of the University of Copenhagen.

[More]

There are huge amounts of data being created that must now be stored for quite some time, if not ‘forever.’ (Forever being 10 years or more). But few researchers have the budget to pay for this long term storage – it is often not a part of the grant budget.

Who will be responsible for maintaining this? For curating? For keeping it accessible?

Some tough questions, especially since more and more people will be wanting access to the data.

The shape of things to come?

Nature.com iPhone app in pictures
[Via Gobbledygook]

Just four weeks ago I wrote a blog post titled How do you read papers? 2010 will be different. Not only have we since seen the announcement of the Apple iPad, but last Monday the free Nature.com iPhone app was launched. The application gives access to the full text of all Nature and Nature News content (through until 30 April 2010, how access is handled afterwards hasn’t been announced yet). A version for the Android platform was promised for April, and the app will work with the just-announced iPad. I included a few screenshots for those without an iPhone or iPod Touch. A free Nature.com personal account is needed to use the app.

The iPhone app doesn’t use HTML or PDF but rather the ePub format. The Nature.com website will soon offer downloads in ePub format (an example article is here). Adobe Digital Editions and Stanza are examples of ePub readers. In contrast to PDF, ePub adapts to the screen size and is therefore a much better format for the iPhone.

References are links in the text, clicking on them opens a new window.

Figures are also links in the text that open in a new window. The figures can be saved to the iPhone Photos application.

[More]

ePub is a nice format for these publications. And the articles will be free until April. I am going to test this out. Especially for an iPad, this could really change things, particularly when it comes to accessing scientific content.

A doctor at the computer with a robot surgeon

by kevindooley

Comparison shows robot-assisted option offers advantages for kidney surgery
[Via EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health]

(Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center) A comparison of two types of minimally invasive surgery to repair kidney blockages that prevent urine from draining normally to the bladder found that robot-assisted surgery was faster and resulted in less blood loss and shorter hospital stays.

[More]

A doctor at a console, controlling a robot, completes the surgery in less than an hour (50% faster than normal) with a large reduction in blood loss, resulting in the patient leaving the hospital much sooner but with the same outcomes at 18 months.

It is a small study but pretty indicative of where we might be going in the future.

Table-top X-ray laser

by orsorama

CU physicists use ultra-fast lasers to open doors to new technologies unheard of just years ago
[Via EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health]

(University of Colorado at Boulder) For nearly half a century, scientists have been trying to figure out how to build a cost-effective and reasonably sized X-ray laser that could, among other things, provide super high-resolution imaging. And for the past two decades, University of Colorado at Boulder physics professors Margaret Murnane and Henry Kapteyn have been inching closer to that goal.

[More]

This is so cool. There are some really incredible things that can be done with X-ray lasers but these have usually required having access to a synchrotron. While I don’t expect a table-top version to be able to examine single molecules, it would be really nice to have easier access to some of the technology, not only in medical settings but in research labs.

Go to the source

by derekGavey

Genetic health risks in children of assisted reproductive technology
[Via EurekAlert! - Biology]

(Temple University) As a group, children born as a result of assisted reproductive technology are at greater risk of certain kinds of birth defects and being low birth weight.

[More]

One thing I hate about press releases is they often fail to give me the data I want. How much of a greater risk are we talking about? Differences in methylation patterns between children conceived by assisted reproductive technology and regular approaches could mean all sorts of things. But he seems to say that differences are only seen in 5-10% of the children.

Perhaps this is the reason for the infertility of the couples to begin with. It is hard to know which is cause and which is effect here. In most cases, assisted reproduction is used for couples that have fertility problems, problems that are not really understood in a fraction of the cases.

This is an intriguing observation but I would really like more information than the PR actually gives. It would be nice to have a link to some papers.

But this PR actually provides something a little different here that I have not seen before. It provides the cell phone number of the doctor for people to call if they have questions. I guess going to the expert is the fastest way to get answers.

Loss of coral

by Franklin Dattein
Will coral reefs disappear?
[Via EurekAlert! - Biology]

(Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council) NSERC-funded researcher Dr. Simon Donner, an assistant professor in the department of geography at the University of British Columbia, will be talking about the vulnerability of coral reefs to climate change due to higher ocean temperatures.

[More]

Dr. Donner answers the question in the press release:

However, the outlook isn’t completely bleak. Dr. Donner says that no one is predicting that coral reefs will go extinct; they will continue to survive, but only in certain habitats, such as shaded areas. The reality is a general loss of coral cover and a breakdown of the physical structure of reefs.

They may very well be driven into ecological niches that are much smaller and remote than today. They are vulnerable but so are many people. As he says:

Obviously, there’s an aesthetic concern because people see Finding Nemo and they’re worried about what’s going to happen to the world’s coral reefs, but the key thing is that there are hundreds of millions of people who depend on them for their livelihood,

And, I believe that corals are also under pressure as ocean pH changes. The ability to create their skeletons is severely hampered when the pH gets too acidic. We are just now really investigating the ability of coral reefs to tell us about changes in the last few centuries. A Science paper from 2005 demonstrated the ability to get about 300 years worth of data. This figure not only shows the location of the reefs they examined but also show the decreasing ratios of 13C/12C, demonstrating the Suess Effect (bottom right of figure).

The Suess Effect examines the ratio of two isotopes of carbon, 14C and 13C, compared to 12C. Fossil-fuel derived carbon has different ratios of these two isotopes than normally found in the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels has added large amounts of carbon that is depleted in 13C and 14C. So the relative amounts of 12C have been rising, and 13C have been falling,  since we have been burning fossil fuels.

The figure shows the change in 13C found in the seawater surrounding the reefs. Over a 300 year period there has been a substantial decrease, most of it occurring in the last 150 years or so.

Low pH and high temperatures may have large effects on the coral reefs in the world’s oceans. They most likely won’t disappear but their range may be greatly decreased.

And thermological does not mean what they think it means

from Wikipedia

You can’t resolve away climate change
[Via Bad Astronomy]

My stance on climate change is clear: the scientific evidence that we’re getting warmer is overwhelming, and the most likely cause is that it’s human-produced. The first is fact, the second is a conclusion based on a lot of evidence.

Climategate showed us that the noise machine is in full swing; nothing in those emails takes away from the fact that there are multiple and independent lines of evidence that we’re warming up. And the talking heads on Fox and other right-wing media saying that the harsh winter is evidence against global warming shows how dumb of an argument they’re willing to make.

[More]

I love it when legislators get all sciency with their legislation. It really demonstrates the shallowness of their thinking.

So I’m reading this while having some coffee. Pretty normal legislative lunacy. Seen the same sorts of things when evolution and natural selection get slammed by state attempts to redefine what scientists know and have proven. But I did a spit-take with this bit from the South Dakota act:

However, my absolute favorite part of the South Dakota resolution is this next bit. Are you sitting down? Good:

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED [...]
(2) That there are a variety of climatological, meteorological, astrological, thermological, cosmological, and ecological dynamics that can affect world weather phenomena and that the significance and interrelativity of these factors is largely speculative; and

Wait, what? Did those guys in the South Dakota legislature actually say astrological?

I’ve written before about their inability to read. Now we know another aspect of the problem. They are either totally unable to proofread or unable to tell science from charlatanry.

And is thermological even a word? Google takes me to a definition of thermology indicating it is “the medical science that derives diagnostic indications from highly detailed and sensitive infrared images of the human body.”

What the heck does this have to do with climate change? None of the links from Google I saw indicate anything about the matter under consideration. I’d really like to know how breast scans affect world weather phenomena?

They were just making up works and adding ‘ological’ to them. Thus they reveal their buffoonery.

An unfolding story of false identity

by Mykl Roventine
The Bizarre Saga of InfoWorld Writer Randall Kennedy and Devil Mountain Software
[Via Daring Fireball]

Good investigative reporting by Larry Dignan and ZDNet.

[More]

With a title like Why we don’t trust Devil Mountain Software (and neither should you), you know something good is coming. It turns out that one of the columnists for Infoworld, Randall Kennedy, was also, using a false identity, the CTO of a software company touted by Infoworld.

They found out last week and have canned him but it is pretty embarrassing episode. As they say:

Devil Mountain Software is a business Kennedy established that specializes in the analysis of Windows performance data. There is no Craig Barth, and Kennedy has stated that this fabrication was a misguided effort to separate himself (or more accurately, his InfoWorld blogger persona) from his Devil Mountain Software business.

ZDNet has been doing an investigation of this very thing. It seems that the only apparent existence of this CTO, Craig Barth, was in quotes from IDG publications. This company, Devil Mountain Software, has made quite a name for itself with some pretty amazing statements, such as 86% of PCs were using way too much memory under Windows 7. This company was quoted at saying “Outside of Microsoft, I don’t think anyone knows more about Windows performance than us.”

The ZDNet investigation, which is an amazing read, indicates that the company itself, and its software, are not what they seem. What is interesting it the timing of Kennedy’s release from Infoworld.

ZDNet says it was going to publish its report today, revealing the hoax. Infoworld severed its relationship with Kennedy yesterday, claiming it had found out on Friday about the whole mess. They never state whether this was because of the impending ZDNet revelations.

And the name Craig Barth goes back over 10 years, apparently before the Devil Mountain Software stuff, as a contributor to magazines that Randall Kennedy was not allowed to write for, as he was working as an analyst at the time.

A lot of this work was possible because of the Wayback Machine at Archive.org. This keeps snapshots of web pages as they change, allowing people to find what was on old sites before they were scrubbed. The Internet never forgets.

And, one of the ways they connected Kennedy with the software company was that he made some mistakes and logged in as himself to upload graphics. He apparently did not realize that the graphic would get tagged with his ID.

There appears to have been an attempt to clean up some of this but the Wayback Machine revealed the originals.

The lesson: if you are going to create an alter ego on the Internet, you had better have it completely planned out from the beginning, make sure you never slip up regarding who is the alter and who is the ego, and make sure you create a vibrant social media life for the character, with traits indicating a completely separate personality from yourself.

Of course, cultivating and curating this alter ego could take as much time as leading a regular life. Not very easy to do in a well connected world.

This also indicates the poor vetting job many reporters do. They simply call a phone number and get some quotes. That is why this was able to go on for 10 years.

I think the only reason this came out is that the alter ego, Barth, finally went too far, making statements that were so much against the current thinking that somebody decided to track this guy down.

So one final lesson: never allow the alter ego to become too well known. Otherwise, they may be asked to make an actual appearance.

How bad was January?

January 2010: extremes and monthly summary
[Via Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog]

The globe recorded its fourth warmest January since record keeping began in 1880, according to NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center. NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies rated January 2010 as the 2nd warmest January on record, behind January 2007. January 2010 global ocean temperatures were the 2nd warmest on record, next to 1998. Land temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere were the warmest on record, but in the Northern Hemisphere, they were the 18th warmest

[More]

Hotter and hotter. The warming oceans are a concern, as they are the major heat sinks for our world. Sea ice extent in the Arctic is almost as low as was seen in 2007 and is the 4th lowest every for January.

And the summer ice-melt season now lasts a month longer than it did in the 80s. That is one less month for the Arctic ice to freeze. Autumn ice freezing now happens about 4 days later every decade. But this is not uniform, with some areas showing much faster changes.

Some areas have a melt season (last figure) that is adding 40 days per decade.

I’m glad that some people in the eastern US had some cold weather this winter. BUt the rest of the world really did not. Anyone who thinks the snow storms in January weakened climate change are just not paying attention.

Maybe I would get a subscription to the NYT

by raneko

Could Bundled Deals Set The iPad Free?
[Via Xeni @ Blogging.la]

The low-end iPad has a retail price of $499 and a materials and manufacturing cost of about $229, according to iSuppli.

Clearly, Apple has plenty of room to be flexible on pricing, just as it did with the iPhone, which started at $599 and is now $199.

Apple plans to take a 30% cut on any media that is bought by iPad users through its online store.

That means Apple could sell the iPad for $100 and still profit from all the media it can sell over the lifetime of the iPad.

But what is more likely is a situation where Apple can sell the Pad for $100 to publishers and then they can offer it for free as part of a subscription deal.

For example, Ryan Tate over at Gawker, reports that the New York Times is considering charging as much as $30 per month for a subscription to the iPad version of the newspaper.

At that price, the New York Times would have enough margin to offer a ‘free’ iPad with an annual subscription. Especially since it can charge advertisers higher rates for the richer ads it can deliver on the iPad.

[More]

If this happened, it could change the face of media. It would be as big a revolution as the original Mac.

Would Apple do this? It would be a really innovative marketing scheme, opening up iPad purchases to people who might never have thought about getting them. And, it might actually work for the publishers, particularly if they banded together so that a free iPad could be had for getting a bulk subscription to many content providers. especially if they worked a little to make the iPad content rally nice. Take a look at Wired’s idea.

Bundle things like the NYT, Wired, Sports Illustrated, etc. into one price to get a free iPad. Make it like cable or satellite TV. If you get the bigger package, you get a better iPad. Essentially, Apple then sells the ‘cable-ready’ boxes for these media companies.

And why stop at print, Include Hulu and other digital video. They all get a piece of the subscription pie. Now we get Apple not only as the set-top box maker but the ‘cable’ company itself. What kind of business model is this then?

Would I pay a monthly subscription fee to get a free iPad? Well, I pay a fee now for satellite TV that gives me a free DVR. Why not one that gives me a free iPad?

And, as time goes on, this new media device and market could become as large as the cable system, providing media (music, news, print, movies, TV) that simply are not available any other ways.

Maybe this is why cable channels are trying to buy media companies and content creators? That would give them a hook into this new revenue stream. Instead of just seeing it as a competitor.

Of course, this also indicates that Apple TV might be incorporated into this whole process, making it the set-top box while the iPad is the mobile box.

An interesting hypothesis. We shall see.

[Listening to: Swallow Wind from the album "Modern Times" by Al Stewart]

[Listening to: Chicago We Can Change The World from the album "C.S.N. (Disc 3)" by Crosby, Stills & Nash]

Ethics win in Canada

by scazon
Winning Essay In High School Ethics Writing Competition Argues That File Sharing Isn’t Wrong
[Via Techdirt]

Well, this is interesting. Despite the various biased, one-sided, “education programs” designed by the entertainment industry for schools, it seems that plenty of students are smart enough to make ethical decisions in a more nuanced and understanding fashion. Michael Geist points us to the rather surprising news that the winner of a high school ethics essay contest wrote his essay explaining why file sharing may be illegal, but it’s not ethically wrong.

She argues that there are a variety of reasons why kids still engage in unauthorized file trading, but one of them is that they just don’t think copyright laws are morally justified. Instead, they see the benefit and the opportunities presented in easier sharing and distribution of works, allowing more people to hear and discover new artists, while opening up lots of new potential business models. All good stuff.

But what’s most surprising is that this essay actually won the contest. While there are plenty of us who understand the views expressed in the paper, you would think that most folks who haven’t thought too much about these issues will quickly resort to the “but.. but… infringement is bad!” arguments, and refuse to even consider an essay arguing that copyright infringement can be morally justified. So, kudos to the judges for at least having an open mind on this one.

[More]

I thought this would be an interesting view, considering the power of media corporations. But then I saw it was from Canada. The essay itself says this:

In Canada, downloading copyrighted material for personal use through sharing, aka peer-to-peer networks, is legal. Uploading the material, however, is not. Canadian law thus presents a catch-22 situation. You are allowed to download as much copyrighted material available as you like, but the person who makes it possible by uploading the material in the first place has broken the law.

What a rational process! They can do this because there is a tax on recoding media that is used to compensate artists. Again, a pretty reasonable way to deal with the fact that you can not stop file sharing.

People need to remember that media companies actually tried to prevent libraries from lending out copies of books. They lost that battle. They would love to be able to prevent second-hand book stores from existing. Luckily, they lost.

They tried to stop the makers of player pianos from doing business. They will continue to do this. It is their nature. But at least Canada seems to have arrived at some sort of compromise. And that is their nature.

[Listening to: Too Much of Nothing from the album "The Very Best of Peter, Paul and Mary" by Peter, Paul And Mary]

Reductio ad absurdum

Could Looking At London’s 2012 Olympics Logo Land People In Prison?
[Via Techdirt]

Well, here’s a fun one sent in by ChurchHatesTucker. You may have heard the somewhat troubling story of the guy found guilty of child pornography for downloading images of the cartoon Simpsons performing sexual acts. It does seem a bit ridiculous to claim that naked versions of famous cartoon characters represent actual child porn, but… so sayeth the court. But, here’s the potential problem:

That is the logo for the 2012 Olympics in London. My first reaction to it was that it’s just hideous from a design standpoint, but others quickly noticed something worse. You can look at that logo and… um… see what appears to be Lisa Simpson… doing something she shouldn’t be doing. Yeah. Once you see it, it never goes away. So, as CHT notes, given that ruling of child porn for having an image of a Simpsons cartoon child performing sex acts… is looking at the 2012 Olympic logo going to be classified as viewing child porn now?

[More]

The Supreme Court has ruled that something counts as child pornography even if no real children were ever involved. A cartoon is just as bad as the real thing. If that is true, then the logical conclusion is that the 2012 Olympics is child porn.

It certainly seems to represent a known child cartoon character doing something sexual. That should be pornography and result in court sanctions.

And if it isn’t, why not? At what point does a cartoon representation of sex move from child pornography to a logo?

Thank goodness I don’t have to worry about this. The case was in Australia and represented the views of the AUSTRALIAN Supreme Court. So it is okay to view the logo in the US. At least so far.

[Listening to: Brother Of Mine - I) The Big Dream, II) Nothing Can Come Between Us, III) Long Lost Brother Of Mine from the album "Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe" by Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe]