Science to the rescue

penalty kick by NathanF

Why England’s soccer team keeps losing on penalties
[Via Eureka! Science News - Popular science news]

A new study may explain why the England soccer team keeps losing in penalty shootouts – and could help the team address the problem in time for the World Cup 2010. Research by the University of Exeter shows for the first time the effect of anxiety on a footballer’s eye movements while taking a penalty.

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It is always nice when science intersects sports. One of the things I always heard was that goalies, who had to wear a different color kit than field players, chose colorful ones to draw the attention of the attackers. Most people tend to shoot at the last place they look, which would be the colorful goalie.

Now we have real numbers. During penalty kicks, players look at and kick to the keeper, particularly if they are under stress. The thing is to ignore the keeper and kick to a spot. Easy to say but harder to do.

I wonder what would have happened if the keeper was clothed in a drab uniform versus a colorful one?

[Listening to: Birthday from the album "The Beatles]

New uses for old drugs

Score another one for Recombinant Innovation

[Via Andrew Hargadon]

Two researchers at UC San Diego modeled the H1N1 virus, looking for ways to fight it (and other pandemics) (MIT Tech Review).Screen_x220

Biochemist Andrew McCammon and undergraduate lab member Daniel Dadon used a sophisticated computer program to simulate all possible conformations–27 in all–of the H1N1 virus’s flexible neuraminidase protein.

Using “massive” computing power, they simulated how the virus and, in particular, a suface protein could take shape. Witih a set of 27 possible structures, they then looked at a library of FDA-approved drugs and searched for which of these drugs would bind to the protein in one of its possible permutations.

This is a great story of the value of recombinant innovation. By taking another look at the problem (27 other looks, to be exact) they could then go in search of existing solutions that solved one or more of those problems. And in pharma, existing solutions avoid the enormous costs of developing novel solutions.

In this way, the next big thing in Pharma could be the beginning of the end. At least of of the money machine for big Pharma—the development of wholly new drugs (and their patent-protected profits) to treat diseases.

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Finding new uses for approved drugs is always useful. It can shorten development time and provide a much cheaper drug. But usually the patents that deal with the invention of a new drug provide more return, as they can possibly control all uses of the drug. They occupy a superior position in the chain of IP tools. So many companies try for the invention and not the use.

But as these researchers show, finding new uses has some real benefits. Hope it works.

What happens when the sun starts up again?

200912091431 Courtesy of SOHO/MDI consortium. SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.

2000-2009 will be warmest decade on record:
[Via CEJournal]
The National Climatic Data Center is reporting today that the Earth system is ignoring Climategate and all those claims that we’re in the midst of dramatic global cooling.

According to the NCDC, when 2009 ends, it will likely be the fifth warmest year on record, based on an estimate using data from January through October. (See chart at right.) And regardless of how this year’s rank actually turns out, NCDC projects that 2000-2009 will be the warmest 10-year period on record, with a surface temperature of 0.96 °F above the 20th century mean.
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This continues the same trend of the last 20 and 30 years. And 2009 was at a time of lower solar irradiance due to the solar cycle. In fact 2006, 2007 and 2008 were all at the end of the cycle and they are in the top 10 years also. In fact 2008 set a record for the lowest amount of solar irradiance in 12 years.

Here is a chart of sunspots from the end of solar cycle 23. We hope that solar cycle 24 starts soon. We have had more sun-spotless days at the end of this cycle than any other one since the first decade of the last century. Today, December 9, is another day without sunspots. Perhaps we are entering another long term minimum of solar irradiance, such as was seen during the Maunder Minimum.

But that will only have a significant effect on current trends if it lasts for several more years. Unfortunately, no one knows when the next cycle will really start.

When we begin the next solar cycle and see an increase in the amount of energy that reaches the Earth, only now with 15 years of more carbon dioxide that back in 1995 when the last cycle started, just how much warmer will the next decade be?

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Now that was a Flood

flood by Sister72
Ancient Med flood mystery solved:
[Via BBC News | Science/Nature | World Edition]

Research reveals details of a catastrophic flood that refilled the Mediterranean Sea more than five million years ago.

[More]

Rises of water by 10 meters a day. That would get someone’s attention. Unfortunately, this happened 5 million years ago, before anything we would call human was on the scene. It would certainly make for a wonderful narrative, as anyone who has read Julian May’s classic Saga of Pliocene Exile knows.

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The wonderful web

In the old days, only the Wide World of Sports provided access to anything other than the major sports. Not so today. I’ve spent the morning watching, live and on the Web, The Quicksilver in Memory of Eddie Aikau at Waimea Bay.

This monster wave surfing contest is only held when the waves are greater than 40 feet. The Bay calls the day and this event has only been held 7 times in 23 years. The last was held in 2004. So, I got to see something that most people have only been able to see once or twice if they were in Hawaii at the right time.

And it was just amazing!

Posted in General. Tags: . 1 Comment »

Smart idea, nicely executed

cyanobacteria by nttrbx

Self-destructing bacteria improve renewable biofuel production
[Via Eureka! Science News - Popular science news]

An Arizona State University research team has developed a process that removes a key obstacle to producing lower-cost, renewable biofuels. The team has programmed a photosynthetic microbe to self-destruct, making the recovery of high-energy fats–and their biofuel byproducts–easier and potentially less costly.

[More]

This is a creative way to solve a hard problem. I’d call it a neat trick but some people would misunderstand and might try to smear their reputation. The cyanobacteria have been engineered to produce fats that can be used for fuel. One hard part of the purification process is getting the fats out of the bacteria. The cell walls of the cyanobacteria have to be broken and then all the cell debris removed.

Here, they solved the problem by having the bacteria burst open on their own. This research group added a set of genes from viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages). The effect of these genes is to eventually cause the cyanobacteria to burst, releasing their precious horde of fats. This makes separating out the fats much, much easier.

Self-destructin bacteria, indeed. Plus, you really have to appreciate a researcher who describes his collaborator thusly:

If he were a baseball player, he wouldn’t be satisfied with anything less than a 1000 home runs in 10 years. Xinyao is always swinging for the fences.

Because many researchers really do talk like that, especially those of us who really like baseball.

It might make sense if he had won an Oscar

oscar by Dave_B_

Strip Gore of His Oscar | The Atlantic Wire
[Via The Atlantic Wire]

Defying the stereotype that Hollywood luminaries are tree-huggers and bleeding-heart liberals, conservative Academy members Roger Simon and Lionel Chetwynd are trying to rewrite history. Incensed that Al Gore won an Oscar for An Inconvenient Truth in wake of “climategate,” they’re urging the Academy to strip him of his award.

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Al Gore did not win an Oscar for Inconvenient Truth in 2007. We was the subject of the movie. David Guggenheim won the Oscar. If you check out IMDB, Gore has never even been nominated for such an award. He did win a Primetime Emmy but not for anything climate related.

The Atlantic Wire is a little off. What the men are really calling for is something much worse, in my opinion. They want some sort of public auto-de-fe where the producers, director, writers and subject of the movie are called into a hearing, with cameras, and required to explain why they lied by the inquisitors.

No need for an investigation. No need for a hearing. Just bring them in and ask why they lied. Nice. I wonder if they will have to poke them with the Soft Cushions?

Now, why in the world should Gore, be brought into this? What is it that he is supposed to have done that would especially require the Hollywood Inquisition to take notice? I don’t know but he is someone that they are extremely aware of.

Perhaps their interest is because he is a much greater boogyman than David Guggenheim. SImply look at the comments at this LA Times article to get an understanding. I just had to say ‘Wow!’

I guess their ratings would be ever so much higher if Gore is there than if they question some director no one really cares about.


Luckily for us

Vaccination, antivirals and social distancing may blunt impact of H1N1 influenza:
[Via EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases]

(Canadian Medical Association Journal) The relatively low number of new cases created by a single case of H1N1 influenza indicates that mitigation strategies such as vaccination, social distancing and the use of antiviral drugs may help to lessen the final impact of the virus, suggests an epidemiological modeling study reported in CMAJ.

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The really interesting number for me from this paper is the reproduction number. It is a measure of how many other people get the disease from a single person with the infection. It has to be greater than 1 for any disease to spread. For measles, the number is 12-18.

For H1N1, it appears to be 1.3. This is just about as low as one can find in any spreading disease. With a number this low, efforts such as vaccination and social distancing can work well. Estimates of the reproductive number for the flu pandemic in 1919 are closer to 4.

We would be in much greater peril if H1N1 was nearly as contagious as the 1919 pandemic. We might not be as lucky next time.

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Helpful amino acids

Scripps Research team develops cheap, easy ‘kitchen chemistry’ to perform formerly complex synthesis:
[Via Eureka! Science News - Popular science news]

A team at The Scripps Research Institute has made major strides in solving a problem that has been plaguing chemists for many years: how best to break carbon-hydrogen bonds and then to create new bonds to join molecules together. This problem is of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry, which currently relies on a method to accomplish this feat that is relatively inefficient and sometimes difficult to perform.

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According to the release, they use very simple and cheap compounds, some based on amino acids, to help guide these reactions. I imagine that this will appear in some organic chemistry classes. I do love science articles that provide interesting insights:

To our delight, during this investigation, we also discovered that certain Boc-protected amino acid ligands could dramatically improve the yield in this olefination reaction (see supporting online material), with the optimal ligand choice highly dependent on the combination of substrate and coupling partner.

As well as displaying emotions. The word delight so seldom appears in scientific literature yet it is almost always part of the emotional feelings of researchers.

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What he said

old mao by jwebb202

UK Met Office to publish climate records – CNN.com
[Via CNN]

The UK’s weather service, the Met Office is to publish station temperature records that make up the global land surface temperature record.

[More]

While this is news people may have heard before, I really liked how the British Prime Minister puts it:

With only days to go before Copenhagen we mustn’t be distracted by the behind the times anti-science, flat earth climate skeptics. We know the science. We know what we must do. We must act and close the five billion ton gap. That will seal the deal.

I may have to agree with him.

Videos about climate change

[Crossposted at Path to Sustainable]

penguinsby chrispearson72

To What Degree: What Science is Tellifont-size: medium; color: #999999;”>NSF News]

What is science telling us about climate change? Leading climate change experts discuss one of the most complex scientific puzzles ever to confront humankind.

More at /news/special_reports/degree/water.jsp?WT.mc_id=USNSF_51

This is an NSF News item.

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The link has some really good videos. When someone asks a basic quesiton oabout climate change, snd them here. There are some really engaging researchers in the videos.

Richard Alley from Penn State gives a great intro to “How do we know the earth is warming?” along with several others. There is also a nice discussion of the water cycle. All done with very nicely.

I’m a big vitamin D enthusiast

vitamin d by Evil Erin
Mayo Clinic and collaborators find vitamin D levels associated with survival in lymphoma patients:
[Via Eureka! Science News - Popular science news]

A new study has found that the amount of vitamin D (http://www.mayoclinic.org/news2008-mchi/4904.html) in patients being treated for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (http://www.mayoclinic.org/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/)was strongly associated with cancer progression and overall survival. The results will be presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology (http://www.hematology.org/) in New Orleans.

[More]

For most of the last 5 months I have had some real difficulties with my legs. I had tremendous pain inn my legs, particularly my knees. It was not easy at all for me to get up from a kneeling position. I thought I was getting old and out of shape.

I went to the doctor and found out i was pretty severely Vitamin D-deficient (about 7 ng/ml). He put me on a high dosage regimen.

In about a week, I felt 1000% better. I no longer had such severe joint and muscle pain. It was like a switch was turned back on. Doing a little reading demonstrated just how important vitamin D is. This report adds to that.

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Posted in Health. 1 Comment »

How models get better

Earth more sensitive to carbon dioxide than previously thought:
[Via Eureka! Science News - Popular science news]

In the long term, the Earth’s temperature may be 30-50% more sensitive to atmospheric carbon dioxide than has previously been estimated, reports a new study published in Nature Geoscience this week. The results show that components of the Earth’s climate system that vary over long timescales – such as land-ice and vegetation – have an important effect on this temperature sensitivity, but these factors are often neglected in current climate models.

[More]

An interesting addition to our understanding. Including the amount of heat retained by vegetation and land ice did a much better job of recreating the data. From the press release:


I
ncluding these long-term processes in the model resulted in an increased temperature response of the Earth to carbon dioxide, indicating that the Earth’s temperature is more sensitive to carbon dioxide than previously recognised. Climate models used by bodies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change often do not fully include these long-term processes, thus these models do not entirely represent the sensitivity of the Earth’s temperature to carbon dioxide.


Temperature could be 30-50% more sensitive to carbon dioxide levels than previously modeled. If so, then the temperature 50 years from now could be much higher than expected.

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A real conspiracy?

camel in needle by david.orban

Attempted breaches show larger effort to discredit climate science: researcher
[Via National Post]

An alleged series of attempted security breaches at the University of Victoria in the run-up to next week’s Copenhagen summit on climate change is evidence of a larger effort to discredit climate science, says a renowned B.C. researcher.

Andrew Weaver, a University of Victoria scientist and key contributor to the Nobel prize-winning work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, says there have been a number of attempted breaches in recent months, including two successful break-ins at his campus office in which a dead computer was stolen and papers were rummaged through.

The key thing is to try to find anybody who’s involved in any aspect of the IPCC and find something that you can … take out of context,” Mr. Weaver said, drawing a parallel to the case of British climate researcher Phil Jones, who was forced to step down this week after skeptics seized upon hacked emails they allege point to a plot to exaggerate the threat of climate change.

“People don’t like it, so they try to discredit it, and the way they try to discredit it is by attacking the individual responsible for it,” Mr. Weaver said.

[More]

I wonder how many other climate scientists have had their offices burgled? Or how many other attempts at hacking their computer systems have occurred? Seems to me that there might actually be a conspiracy here – a conspiracy to steal and hack with the purpose to smear.

It takes a special kind of researcher who will not only put up with the tribulations that science can present but also with human skullduggery bent on distorting the facts and smearing reputations. We have seen almost the same tactics used before, by the smoking industry. Researchers who published studies that the industry did not like were hounded out of their jobs. Big Tobacco used legal procedures to mire the labs in paperwork with high administrative costs. They accused researchers of fraud. They made research on cigarette smoking an area which young scientists would avoid as they just did not want to put up with the outside problems. A relevant quote from the post:

The ultimate goal is to make the process sufficiently painful so that the researcher cannot complete further research and so that other scientists are discouraged from conducting similar studies.

We see exactly the same approaches being used against climate researchers and, in some cases, it is being done by the same people who were behind the earlier harassment by Big Tobacco. There is significant overlap between the the PR organizations that were started by Big Tobacco and groups against climate change. It does not take long on Google to find them.

I always had a hard time understanding how some people could take large sums of money defending tobacco companies whose policies were known to kill thousands of people. And some of them continue to take money to defend industries whose policies could kill many more than that. But the tools of their defenses seem to use the same deceit and misinformation.

I think Matthew 19:24-30 just about covers it. I wonder what the Aramaic words were for ‘scum of the Earth?’

[Listening to: Wild Honey Pie from the album "The Beatles]

There is a winner

The winner of the DARPA challenge was MIT. Sounds like like of social networking, along with deceptions were involved. It will be pretty cool to see all the data.

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